Global temperatures have risen about 1 degree Celsius (or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial times and could rise another half degree by 2030, according to a report released this week by the United Nations.
Experts say that increase would be catastrophic to the environment, triggering changes in extreme weather, sea levels, and animal populations, to name just a few of the predicted consequences.
Researchers say that this continued rise in temperatures has had other effects, too, on everything from the economy to disease and famine rates.
And according to a study published this week in the Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences, it’s also linked to an increase in mental health problems.
They found that people were 0.5 percentage points more likely to report issues like stress, anxiety, and depression during months when the average temperature was above 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), compared to months when the temperature averaged between 25 and 30.
In other words, “people report more mental health problems when it’s really hot out,” says lead author Nick Obradovich, PhD, a research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab.
That small increase may not seem like a lot, but Obradovich says that if those numbers were extrapolated across the entire country, it would mean almost 2 million more people reporting mental health problems. And looking forward, he and his coauthors wrote in their paper, “we observe that days with temperatures that exceed 30 degrees C are likely to become more common in the future … particularly in the U.S. South.”
In cities that reported a 1-degree increase in average temperatures over five years, the researchers found that mental health issues also increased by 2 percentage points. Previous research has also suggested that warmer temperatures could be associated with an increase in self-harming and suicidal behavior.
The new report acknowledges that an increase in average temperatures is likely just one variable that has changed over time, and that the study can only show an association between temperature and mental health, not cause and effect. But their research did control for some factors—such as the demographic makeup of cities—and the association remained.
“The finding isn’t definite, but it certainly suggests we should look further into that relationship,” Obradovich says. There are several possible reasons why warmer weather could lead to worsened mental health, he adds. In a previous study, he and his colleagues found that people tend to post about negative emotions more frequently on social media when temperatures are at their highest.
Living through a natural disaster can affect mental health, as well, and scientists say that warmer temperatures will likely mean more events like severe hurricanes and floods.
The new study looked specifically at this angle, too: It found that people who’d been directly affected by Hurricane Katrina were 4 percentage points more likely to report mental health issues, compared to those in other regions.
Overall, the link between warmer temperatures and mental health problems was strongest in women, people with lower incomes, and those with existing mental health problems. But Obradovich says that the ongoing rise in temperatures is something that everyone should be concerned with—and not just for mental health reasons.