Over ₵5 billion of bribes were paid in both the private and the public sector, this is according to the Ghana Statistical Service’s (GSS) 2021 Ghana Integrity of Public Services Survey.
The report indicates that 26.7 percent public sector officials were engaged in bribery acts with 9.1 percent of the private sector officials.
According to Government Statistician, Professor Samuel Kobina Annim, corruption was prevalent with the Ghana Police Service recording 53.2 percent, followed by the Ghana Immigration Service and the Ghana Revenue Authority with 37.4 and 33.6 percent respectively.
Prevalence of bribery in Ghana
The report also showed that the prevalence of bribery in Ghana is 26.7 per cent, meaning one out of four people who had contact with a public official in the 12 months prior to the survey reported having been asked to pay a bribe by a public official, or asked to pay one but refused to do so.
“The survey revealed that, on average, there is no difference in the prevalence of bribery in rural and urban areas of Ghana. There are, however, sizable variations across the 16 regions of the country,” the report said.
On regional basis, the prevalence of bribery in the Bono East, Savannah and Volta regions, for example, were substantially lower than the national rate, at 11.8, 14.5 and 19.1 per cent, respectively, while in the Western North, Ahafo and North East regions it is substantially higher, at 53.4, 47.0 and 41.9 per cent, respectively.
In addition the report showed that the prevalence of bribery in Ghana also varied across age groups.
“Younger adults are more likely to pay bribes than the older population. In 2021, with a prevalence of bribery of 29.9 percent, Ghanaians aged 25 to 34 years were the age group most likely to pay bribes” the report pointed out adding that “the prevalence of bribery decreased steadily to 17.6 percent among those aged 65 and over, while bribery among the youngest adult age group 18 to 24 has a prevalence of 23.9 per cent”.
Bribery among the educated
The survey further showed that people with different levels of educational attainment experience bribery to a different extent, and many factors may explain the differences that influence the acts of bribery.
“One relates to the type of public official with whom people interact and the type of public services sought. It may also be common for corrupt public officials to target wealthier socioeconomic groups to a greater degree than poorer socioeconomic groups, as the former may be considered more likely to have the means to pay bribes.
Indeed, the survey showed that the group most likely to interact with public officials and most likely to experience bribe requests is those with the highest level of educational attainment—that is bachelor’s degree or above.
This means that Ghanaians with the highest level of tertiary education are 1.7 times more likely than people with no formal education to report that they paid a bribe, or were asked to pay a bribe but refused when in contact with a public official.
Bribery in private sector
As in the public sector, the contact rate with private sector employees varied substantially across the regions of Ghana, with the contact rate being much higher in the Greater Accra, Western and Western North regions, at 59.1, 50.0 and 45.0 per cent, respectively, than in regions such as the Upper West, Oti and Bono East, at 11.2, 17.7 and 18.5 per cent, respectively.
The contact rate with private sector employees is much higher in urban areas (46.9 per cent) than in rural areas (27.6 per cent) of the country as many more private services are more likely to be accessed in the former.
Prevalence of bribery in the private sector
The report revealed that not only is the contact rate with private sector employees in Ghana much lower than with public officials, but also the payment of bribes to private sector employees is much less prevalent than to public officials: the prevalence of private sector bribery in 2021 was 9.1 per cent, whereas the prevalence of public sector bribery was 26.7 percent.
In addition, compared with the public sector, where there is no notable difference in the prevalence of bribery in urban and rural areas, people are more likely to pay bribes to private sector employees in rural areas than in urban areas. There are also notable variations in the prevalence of private sector bribery across the regions of Ghana.