The Bank of Ghana Act 2002 (Act 612) grants the central bank operational independence and mandates the establishment of a Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to implement an inflation-targeting (IT) framework.
This framework is designed to control inflation through an inflation forecast, which incorporates various macroeconomic variables beyond just the money supply.
The primary monetary policy tool of the Bank of Ghana (BoG) is the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR), while the operating target is the overnight interbank rate.
The MPR serves as a guide for all market interest rates and is adjusted bi-monthly by the MPC to align with the inflation target jointly set by the BoG and the Ministry of Finance. The medium-term inflation target (2023-2025) is 8% (±2%), with an end-year target for 2025 set at 11.9% (±2%).
When inflation deviates from the target, the MPC assesses a range of economic indicators and adjusts the MPR accordingly. The BoG implements policy decisions through open market operations (OMO), the issuance and redemption of securities, and interventions in the foreign exchange market.
The Role of the Bank of Ghana
The BoG plays a crucial role in managing the money market and ensuring financial stability. By adjusting the MPR, the BoG influences liquidity conditions, lending rates, and overall economic activity. A decline in Treasury bill (T-bill) rates can influence the BoG to lower its policy rate to maintain a stable interest rate environment.
Treasury Bills and the Money Market
T-bills are short-term debt instruments issued by the government to finance its operations. Their yields serve as a benchmark for the overall interest rate environment. A decline in T-bill rates can signal increased liquidity in the money market and a shift in monetary policy. Lower T-bill rates reduce government borrowing costs, improving fiscal space and potentially encouraging private-sector investment.
Impact of Declining T-bill Rates
A decline in T-bill rates generally indicates an easing of monetary policy, leading to:
- Increased Liquidity: Lower rates encourage banks to lend more, boosting credit expansion.
- Lower Borrowing Costs: Reduced rates make it cheaper for businesses and households to access credit, stimulating investment and consumption.
- Potential Inflationary Pressures: Increased liquidity and demand could drive inflation if not managed carefully.
Macroeconomic and Fiscal Implications
Lower interest rates can stimulate economic growth by encouraging investment and consumption. However, sustained fiscal discipline is crucial to ensure that lower borrowing costs translate into economic expansion rather than excessive government spending. To maximize the benefits of declining T-bill rates, Ghana must prioritize fiscal consolidation and use interest savings to reduce debt rather than fuel new expenditures.
Foreign Exchange Stability
Foreign exchange stability is a key factor in assessing the sustainability of lower domestic yields. Historically, sharp declines in interest rates have raised concerns about capital flight and exchange rate pressures. However, Ghana’s foreign exchange market has remained relatively stable, with the cedi experiencing only mild depreciation (approximately 5.3%) since the beginning of the year.
Crowding-in Effect and Private Sector Growth
A lower interest rate environment can create a crowding-in effect, where reduced government borrowing costs allow private sector entities to access cheaper credit. This can spur investment in new projects and businesses, fostering economic growth. Strengthening financial sector resilience and improving private sector credit access will be crucial in optimizing the economic gains from lower borrowing costs.
Conclusion
Given the current inflation outlook and potential currency depreciation, the BoG may opt to maintain the policy rate at 27%. The impact of external factors, such as MTN’s GH¢3.8 billion (US$250 million) dividend payment and substantial profit declarations by 14 foreign banks, could also influence policy decisions.
Additionally, Bloomberg reports that the Ghana Cocoa Board may need to transfer nearly US$2 billion for debt obligations, potentially exerting pressure on the cedi. To mitigate inflationary risks, the BoG might maintain the policy rate at 27% or make a marginal reduction to 26.5%.
Improved macroeconomic conditions—characterized by declining inflation, robust real growth, and fiscal stability—could justify an eventual easing of monetary policy. This would lower lending rates for businesses and households, fostering economic expansion. However, persistent inflationary pressures, driven by rising food and fuel prices, may necessitate a tightening of monetary policy to stabilize the economy.
Ultimately, the BoG’s policy decisions must balance inflation control, liquidity management, and economic growth to ensure sustainable financial stability.