This is a question Ghana’s 30 million citizens and even more around the world may be asking right now after the Health Minister Kwaku Agyeman-Manu announced we are to use hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of Covid-19 patients in the country.
Hydroxychloroquine first caught my attention at the peak of the coronavirus devastation in China, with doctors reporting its ‘impressive turnout’ in the treatment of patients, especially in Wuhan.
The period between President Akufo-Addo’s lockdown announcement and the day it took effect saw a number of my friends mounting a search for chloroquine to stock, just in case. I did too. I visited a pharmacy at Achimota Mile 7 but was disappointed because they did not have chloroquine in stock. The dispenser revealed I was about the 10th person asking for chloroquine in the few hours preceding my visit.
With more than a million people around the globe contracting coronavirus and another 52,000 already dead from the infection, the world’s scientific community has been at work trying to decode what makes the Covid-19 so contagious and deadly and what therapy can defeat it.
So what is hydroxychloroquine?
It is an antimalarial drug and like all antimalarial medications can be dangerous. They’re known to cause heart rhythm problems and can’t be given to people with liver or kidney problems. The announcement that Ghana is using it to treat Covid-19 definitely put the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) on alert.
In a small study in China, doctors in Renmin Hospital, Wuhan (where the pandemic began) gave 31 coronavirus patients hydroxychloroquine for five days and treated another 31 with normal therapy. The latest study was published by medical experts at Wuhan University but has not been reviewed by other scientists or a medical journal. Pneumonia infections improved in 25 per cent more patients in the chloroquine group when compared with those who had standard treatment.
One man in the US died after trying to self-medicate with chloroquine by drinking aquarium cleaner which contained a version of the chemical.
Hydroxychloroquine remains an experimental therapy being trialled around the world. So as Ghana begins to rely on it in the treatment of Covid-19 patients, what are the risks? How successful will this be?
I’ve spent a bit of time learning the effectiveness and risks associated with the administration of hydroxychloroquine on Ghana’s coronavirus patients. The doctors are extremely excited about the effectiveness of the chloroquine medication on Covid-19 patients.
‘‘For now, we are giving the treatment mostly to the symptomatic and we are seeing results: speeding up of recovery,” one doctor told me.
“And the way the virus is replicating very quickly, this mechanism of action of the drug to inhibit this replication activity and to reduce the viral load is also helping to reduce the violence of the condition and to increase the recovery rate.’’
Then he adds: ‘‘So it is serving the purpose. The recovery rate of patients who came in very ill, symptomatic condition, in critical condition are encouraging. And we are therefore having the conviction the reduction of the viral load is really with respect to the medication.’’
But does hydroxychloroquine completely eliminate the virus from the human system? Well, the doctors say the drug reduces the viral load.
“When you have a virus or you have an organism which is not getting the kind of conditions favourable to replicate, to go through its reproductive stages in order to increase, eventually, the host mounts an immune system to it,” one doctor treating a Covid-19 patient said.
“So this virus is not replicating, it is not getting more violent as it was because your immune system is getting stronger.”
Danger
In spite of the testimony about the successes of the drug, hydroxychloroquine may not be good for everyone – it can actually be deadly for some. The doctors say for instance: “One of the cautions we give is that we don’t prescribe it under some conditions which are very critical when it comes to the medication. We’re very careful when it comes to that.”
Possible side effects
Itchiness: The itchiness that has long been associated with chloroquine use still persists, despite the numerous chemical changes it has gone through over the years. So the persons who traditionally react this way to the drug will continue to react same way except that doctors will have to draw the balance between itchiness and the risk of dying from coronavirus. Besides, there are drugs such as antihistamines that can subdue the itchiness quite significantly.
Hypoglycemia: This is the reduction of blood sugar level of patients under hydroxychloroquine treatment. This, therefore, makes it dangerous for diabetic patients who are already on medication.
Irregular heartbeat: Persons with heart conditions such as prolonged QT interval (irregular heartbeat) are ineligible for hydroxychloroquine therapy.
Despite these exemptions, doctors say they still have potent drugs such as azithromycin to treat those who cannot be treated with hydroxychloroquine. This drug is also said to be doing well too except that it is not as fast-acting as hydroxychloroquine.
Warning
Doctors have a strong warning for those who intend to self-medicate on hydroxychloroquine ward of the coronavirus to immediately banish the thought.
The drug, they say, is not to be used as prophylactic (a medication or a treatment designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring). This means it cannot prevent anyone from contracting coronavirus.
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Fred Smith is the head of the Health Desk at JoyNews.