The number of anti-Semitic incidents around the world dramatically increased last year, a study by Tel Aviv University has found.
The report identifies the US, Canada, the UK, Germany and Australia as among countries where there was a sharp rise.
This was fuelled by radical left- and right-wing political movements and incitement on social media, it says.
The report’s release coincides with Israel’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, which begins on Wednesday night.
Known in Israel as Yom HaShoah, the day commemorates the six million Jews murdered by Nazi Germany across Europe during World War Two.
The Anti-Semitism Worldwide Report 2021, by the Center for the Study of Contemporary European Jewry at Tel Aviv University’s Faculty of Humanities, is based on the analysis of dozens of studies from around the world, as well as information from law enforcement bodies, media and and Jewish organisations.
It says that in 2021 there was “a significant increase in various types of anti-Semitic incidents in most countries with large Jewish populations”.
It found that:
- In the US, which has the largest Jewish population outside of Israel, the number of anti-Jewish hate crimes recorded in both New York and Los Angeles were almost twice that of the previous year
- In France, the number of recorded anti-Semitic incidents increased by almost 75% compared with 2020
- In Canada, a leading Jewish group reported a 40-year record in anti-Semitic physical violence in one month – August
- In the UK, the number of recorded physical assaults against Jews increased by 78% compared with 2020
- In Germany, anti-Semitic incidents recorded by police were up 29% compared with 2020, and 49% compared with 2019
- Australia also experienced a sharp rise in recorded anti-Semitic incidents, with 88 in May alone – the highest monthly total ever
The report’s authors blame in part reactions to May 2021’s fighting between Israel and Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip for the rise in anti-Semitic incidents.
That month, Israel and militants fought an 11-day conflict in which 261 people were killed in Gaza, according to the United Nations, and 14 people were killed in Israel.
The report also calls out “the vast reach of social networks for spreading lies and incitement”.
Social media played “an exceptionally alarming role” in anti-Semitic incidents, it says.
“The data raise concerns regarding the utility of legislation and agreements reached with social media companies on banning anti-Semitic expressions from their platforms.”
“The gravest concern is the dark web, which shelters extremists and where anti-Semitic content is freely and openly spread,” it warns, referring to a part of the internet only accessible through special browsing software.
The report also identifies the proliferation of conspiracy theories surrounding the Covid-19 pandemic as fuelling anti-Jewish hate crimes.
“Right at the outset of the pandemic in 2020, conspiracy theories began to sprout around the world, blaming the Jews and Israel for spreading the virus,” it says.
“The lockdowns, which glued people to their screens at home, contributed significantly to popularising toxic anti-Semitic discourse on social networks.
“In 2021, when the lockdowns were gradually eased, anti-Semites returned to the streets.”